What are the four main principles of object-oriented programming?

The four main principles of object-oriented programming are encapsulation, inheritance, abstraction, and polymorphism.

Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, often a class. This enhances data security and hides the internal state of objects from the outside world, allowing for controlled access through public methods.

Inheritance is a mechanism that allows one class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another class. This promotes code reusability and establishes a natural hierarchical relationship between classes, enabling the creation of more specific classes based on broader ones.

Abstraction is the principle of simplifying complex systems by modeling classes based on the essential properties and behaviors relevant to the perspective of the user. It allows programmers to work at a higher level of complexity while hiding the underlying implementation details.

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, primarily through method overriding and interfaces. This means that a single function can operate differently based on the object it is acting upon, enhancing flexibility in code design.

These four principles are foundational to the object-oriented paradigm and are essential for creating modular, maintainable, and reusable code. Other options mention concepts like normalization, iteration, or security, which do not