Explain how hashing works in computer science.

Hashing is a process that transforms data of any size into a fixed-size representation, which is typically a string of characters. This is achieved through a hashing algorithm, which takes input data (often referred to as a "key") and processes it to produce a hash value, which serves as a unique identifier for that data. The key feature of this process is that no matter how large or complicated the original data is, the resulting hash output will always have a consistent length.

The utility of hashing extends to various applications in computer science, most notably in data structures like hash tables, where it enables efficient data retrieval. Since each unique input produces a distinct hash, this allows for quick access to the data associated with that hash. Furthermore, hashing serves as a fundamental technique in areas such as data integrity verification, where matching hashes can confirm that data has not been altered.

In summary, the correct answer highlights the core function of hashing, which is to convert data into a fixed-size string of characters, facilitating efficient data management and retrieval.